Contract Laws Essay

When it comes the laws of business there are a broad range of categories and topics. A topic that we would find when studying business law is contracts. â€Å"A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more people.† (Rogers, 2012) In the world we live in learning about contract laws is very vital when entering into one. We must be aware that there is more than just on type of contract and there are several steps that both parties must follow before any contract can be legal. There are several types of contracts that individuals can enter. These types are expressed, implied, bilateral, unilateral, simple, formal and quasi contracts. An express contract are â€Å"formed by the express language of the parties—the actual words they use in their agreement—and can be either written or oral.† (Rogers, 2012) This type of contract does not have to be in writing. An expressed contract contains the offer, acceptance and consideration elements of a contract. Express contracts are usually compared to implied contracts. Implied contacts are â€Å"formed not by the express words of the parties, but rather by their actions.† (Rogers, 2012) With this type of contract the agreement is implied by actions. There are no expressed words within an implied contract. It can be either implied in fact or in law. If a contract will result in inequity or harm it will not be implied. If there is any doubt or discrepancy exists, then the court might not con clude a contractual relationship. If an implication arises that they have jointly assented to a new contract that contains the same requirements as the old agreement. Another type of contract is a bilateral contract. A bilateral contract is a† reciprocal arrangement between two parties under which both parties promise to perform an act in exchange for  the other party’s act† (BusinessDictionary.com). When entering into a bilateral contract there is a joint agreement among the two parties that entails the performance of an act. The promise made by one party constitutes sufficient consideration for the promise made by the other party. It is a common contract because we enter into a bilateral contract everything we make a purchase, order or receive any kind of treatment. Bilateral contracts are compared to unilateral contract. Unilateral contract are agreements that deal with a promise that is made by only one person involved in the contract. This agreement is when there is an exchange for the performance or non-performance of an act by the other party. Only one of the contracting parties can be enforced to comply with contract. This type of contract is one-sided because only the offeror is legally bound in complying with the terms of the contract. The offeree can comply or refrain from performing the act, but he or she cannot be sued if they do not comply. If you accept an offer from a unilateral contract it cannot be achieved by making another agreement only by performance or non-performance of some particular act. An offer can be revoked until the act has been performed or there was no act completed and the date has passed. The following contract is called a simple contract. It is in no way a lawfully recorded or legitimately sealed contract, but breeches are still frequently ruled on by a judge. It â€Å"is any oral or written contract that is not required to follow a specific form, or be signed, witnessed, or sealed.† (Rogers, 2012). They are not necessarily formalized contracts and do not entail court proceedings in order to make them binding. They are simply an agreement that is among the parties involved. They are usually compared to formal contracts. Formal contract are â€Å"a written agreement between two parties that are considered to be legally binding and enforced my law† (Laws.com). They must be in writing, signed and seal by all parties entering into the contract. In order for a formal contract to be valid it must contain three elements, which are the offer, the acceptance and a payment for the services provided or goods delivered. This type of contract eliminates any uncertainty regarding its terms and conditions. It contains a preface section which is utilized to clearly define the essentials terms that are utilized within the contract. This helps in eliminating redundancy in the use of common language. It also insures substantive terms of the contract  that are described and referenced in t he contract. Quasi contracts are the last type of contract discussed in the text. Quasi contracts are not a realistic contract. â€Å"They are a remedy that a court may offer to make things fair.† (Rogers, 2012). This type of contract is implied by law. Courts will imply a fictional contract to require one party to return benefits to the other party where unjust enrichment has occurred. Unjust enrichment doctrine deals with the equality of a quasi contract. It states that no party should profit at the expense of the other without making restitution of a reasonable value. When there is no oral or written agreement, courts depend on this doctrine to provide a legal remedy for a quasi contract. A Quasi contract can be compared to an implied contract. There are two types of implied contracts. These types are Implied-in-fact and Implied-by-law. A quasi contract is considered to be an Implied-by-law. It is different from an implied-in-fact because the courts treat the former as an express written contract because of the actions and words that both parties have expressed. Even though neither party has verbally expressed the acceptance of the contract their actions might be viewed differently. A contracted can be valid and enforceable, but can also be found to be unenforceable and can be voided. In order for a contract to be valid and enforceable it must contain the five elements of a contract to be legally binding. These elements are offer, acceptance, consideration, legality and capacity. The first element of a valid contract is the offer. An offer â€Å"is an invitation for another to enter into a contract† (Rogers, 2012). Offers can be verbal or written, but must at all times be clear terms. They can be bilateral or unilateral terms. They are not legally binding. Offers can be voided is any of the individuals involved cannot or do not comply with their promise. Offers can also be voided, repealed or annulled after parties have accepted the offer, unless there is a clause where it states that revocations are not allowed. The following element is acceptance. An acceptance â€Å"is an acquiescence to enter into a contract under the terms of the offer† (Rogers, 2012). Once an offer is made the parties must agree on the terms. All parties must be willing to enter into the agreement. Acceptances can be implied or  expressed. They can be directed to all parties involved or just one person. There are times when the individual making the offer will invite the person accepting the offer by actually performing the acts that the offeror is bargaining for. This occurs when special tribulations of notification, revoking and confidence in the form of limited performance can occur. Consideration is the next element of a valid contract. A consideration is â€Å"anything of legal value that is asked for and received as the price for entering into a contract† (Rogers, 2012). For a contract to be considered to be legally binding it must be supported by a valuable consideration. For instance, a party is required to do something in exchange for the promise that was made in a benefit of value. It is what each individual in the contact provides to the other as the established value for the other’s promise. For the most part, considerations are usually a payment of money, but are not always. At times they can be a promise to do something such as a type of work in return for something. The fourth element is legality. This is â€Å"an agreement may be considered illegal if it would violate a statute; result in commission of a tort; or violate public policy.† (Rogers, 2012). In contract law, legality of purpose is required of every enforceable contract. Agreement of a social nature are presumed not to be legally binding, but with evidence can be rebutted in court. Also, any domestic agreements such as agreements created by a parent and a child are generally unenforceable on the basis of the system of law. The last element is capacity. Capacity is â€Å"the mental competency of an individual and also with special rules for people who are under legal age† (Rogers, 2012). In other words, it deals with the competence of all parties. In order for an individual to enter into a contract they must be capable to do so. All parties entering the contract have to be over the legal age, mentally capable and cannot be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. If a contract is made with an individual that is under the age of 18 or 21, depending on the jurisdiction, the contract is voidable, but is legal and enforceable until or unless the individual revokes it. In the  eyes of the law, individuals under the age of 18 or 21 are deemed to be immature and naà ¯ve to enter into a contract. The individual may avoid the legal duty to perform the terms of the agreement without being liable of breach of contract. All parties must also be mentally capable of entering into a contract. If a party does not understand the nature and/or consequences of the contract when it is formed the contract can be voided. An individual that lacks the legal capacity can be declared incompetent in a court and can be appointed a legal guardian. If someone is to enter into a contract with someone who is not mentally capable the contract will be voided and there will not be any legal effects because neither party may be legally compelled to comply with the terms. Lastly, no one entering in to a contract can be intoxicated. All parties must be sober at the time of entering a contract in order for the contract to be deemed enforceable. When someone is under the influence they are not capable of knowing what they are doing and why. They might also not comprehend the terms of the contract which makes it unenforceable. A contact can appear to be legally binding because it may contain all the elements of a contract, but there are defenses to a contract that can also make a contract unenforceable and voidable. There are two types of defense to a contract, which are lack of genuine assent and lack of proper form. Genuine assent or â€Å"meeting on the minds† is a criteria utilized to determine validity of acceptance of an offer for a contract. This occurs when the acceptance of a contract is secured through improper or illegal means such as fraud, mistake, duress and undue influence. The first type of genuine assent that will be discussed is fraud. Fraud is the premeditated falsification of an essential matter of the contract. When there is an existence of fraud in a contractual proceeding it makes the contract unenforceable and can be voided by the party upon whom the deception was perpetrated. According to our text, there are two types of fraud, which are fraud in the execution and fraud in the inducement. Fraud in the execution merely occurs when one of the individuals who entered in to the contract isn’t aware that they are entering in to one. The second fraud is when both parties are aware they are entering into the contract, but one of the  parties is deceived when entering into it. The following type that can make a contract unenforceable and invalid is a mistake. A mistake is also known as a mutual mistake. When there is a mistake this means that both parties made a mistake to something that is vital to the contract. Just because one party can make a mistake doesn’t necessarily mean that the contract is voidable. In order for it to be considered as unenforceable it must have a significant effect on the exchange or bargaining development. The following factor is duress. Duress is when one party forces the other party to sign a contract. The force can be either physical or emotional pressure. When there is use of duress the contract is voidable by the party that was under duress during signing. Duress can be defined by three categories, which are actual or threatened violence to an individual, threats to an individual’s property and/or economic duress. Economic duress is the more difficult to prove because you have to establish the boundaries of acceptance behavior of this kind of pressure. Duress is sometimes compared to undue influence, but there are different. As mentioned above, duress deals with someone being pressured into signing the contract, whereas undue influence is when a party is manipulated in to signing the contract. If one party has put inequitable and inappropriate pressure on the other in the discussions leading to the signing of the contract, common law will allow duress and undue influence to allow for the terms of the contract to be set aside. Common laws are laws â€Å"made by the decisions of judges in individual cases. â€Å" (Rogers, 2012). Undue influence is easy to recognize because it can involve the parties having a fiduciary relationship or one of the members involved depends on another due to their age, illness, infirmity, etc. A fiduciary relationship is a relationship where one individual has a responsibility to act for the other’s benefit. When undue influence occurs the individual who is suppose to be helping the other person out is taking advantage of that person. Lastly, the second type of defense to a contract as listed above is lacks proper form. This is generally when it lacks writing. There are certain types of contracts that are required to be in writing, but at times we aren’t aware. If these types of contracts are not in writing then they  cannot be enforced. It is important to learn about contract laws. They are the foundation of our society. Since we enter into contracts on a daily bases we should be aware of these laws. Contracts can be complicated and having knowledge of the different types and what makes them enforceable or voided can really be helpful. If there were no laws on contract then the agreements we make could become impractical and unworkable. References Lewinsohn, J. L. (1914). Contract Distinguished From Quasi Contract. California Law Review, 2(3), 171. Rogers, S. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Smith, C. A. (2012). Contracts. http://www.west.net/~smith/contracts.htm Information regarding elements of a contract and remedies for breach. Undefined. (n.d.). Bilateral Contract. In BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bilateral-contract.html. Undefined. (n.d.). Know the types of Formal Contract. In Laws.com. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://contract-law.laws.com/types-of-contracts/types-of-formal-contract.

Balloon Angioplasty Essay

Introduction: Angioplasty is a technique that broadens a narrow or congested blood vessel using a inflatable catheter. It is used to treat atherosclerosis (blood vessel impediments), and regularly made by an interventional cardiologist, a medical doctor with distinctive training in the handling of the heart, using invasive catheter-based measures. Angioplasty is frequently achieved as a minimally-invasive technique, where a stent is implanted into the blood vessel to preserve it open. A conceivable substitute to heart surgery, it has dependably been shown to diminution indications due to coronary artery disease and decrease cardiac ischemia. Procedure: 1. An introducer pointer is entrenched into the femoral artery in the leg. 2. A sheath introducer is placed in the opening to preserve the artery uncluttered and controller hemorrhage. 3. A controller drain is then strapped through the sheath introducer. Colorants can be inoculated through the guide catheter into the coronary artery to pinpoint and study the polluted artery using x-ray. 4. After reviewing the x-ray image, the cardiologist chooses the type of balloon catheter and plastic coronary guide wire that will be used. 5. The elastic coronary guide rope with radiopaque plastic tip is then introduced into the supervisory catheter and into the coronary artery. 6. Watching through x-ray imaging display, the cardiologist directors the flexible coronary guide wire through the coronary artery to the site of the obstruction. 7. When the stretchy guide wire reaches the obstruction, it is then strapped across the obstacle. 8. A hollow-tipped balloon catheter is then interleaved, using t he plastic guide wire as a conduit to the site of the impasse. At this point, the balloon is still collapsed. 9. After the balloon catheter spreads and is strapped inside the obstruction, the balloon is then exaggerated. Inflating the balloon increases the area about it and bandages the plaque accumulation (blockage). The exaggerated balloon also enlarges the artery wall. 10. A stent (wire mesh tube) occasionally is surrounded to keep the artery wall prolonged. The stent originally is implanted along with the balloon catheter, increases when the balloon is magnified, and left behind in the lengthened position as the balloon catheter is detached. For certain  people, heart disease cure can be accomplished without operation. Angioplasty is a non-surgical technique that can be used to open congested heart arteries. Stent appointment is another option that can be done throughout angioplasty. 11. The technique is achieved in the cardiac catheterization workroom by a dedicated cardiologist and a squad of cardiovascular nurses and specialists. Cardiac catheterization is achieved as part of angioplasty. Next, a sheath is implanted into an artery — regularly in your groin, but occasionally in the arm. A long, thin, hollow tube, called a catheter, is accepted through the cover and directed up the blood vessel to the arteries nearby the heart. A minor quantity of difference material is injected through the catheter and is cracked with an X-ray as it changes through the heart’s hollows, valves, and chief containers. From the cardinal movies of the difference material, the clinicians can tell whether the coronary veins are narrowing and whether the heart valves are active properly. There are abundant sorts of interventional procedures as below: Balloon angioplasty: During this process, a specially intended catheter with a small balloon tip is directed to the point of contraction in the artery. Stent:   A stent is a tiny metal mesh tube that acts as a scaffold to deliver support privileged your coronary artery. A balloon catheter, positioned over a guide wire, is used to supplement the stent into the lessened coronary artery. Once in dwelling, the balloon tip is exaggerated and the stent enlarges to the size of the artery and grips it open. The balloon is then collapsed and detached while the stent stays in dwelling enduringly. Over a several-week dated, your artery heals around the stent. Stents are usually placed during interventional events such as angioplasty to help retain the coronary artery exposed. Some stents comprise medication and are intended to decrease the risk of obstruction (restenosis). Atherectomy: The catheter used in this technique has a hollow chamber on the tip with an open space on one adjacent and a balloon on the other. When the catheter is introduced into the pointed artery, the balloon is exaggerated, assertive the window in contradiction of the fatty material. An edge within the cylinder alternates and shears off any fat that projected into the window.  The shavings are caught in a hollow within the catheter and detached. This procedure is recurrent as wanted to permit for better blood flow. Cutting Balloon: The cutting inflatable catheter has a singular balloon tip with small blades. When the inflatable is inflated, the razorblades are triggered. The small edges score the panel, and then the balloon wrappings the fatty material into the artery wall. Mechanics of Balloon Fabrication Angioplasty balloons, such as those described above, are fabricated by first designing a tube that is extruded in certain dimensions. This tube is then crystallized so that only a small length is left amorphous, and then the tube is free-blown into a balloon in a machine designed for that purpose. Lastly, the balloon is heat-set. All of these processes are carefully controlled in order to achieve a balloon that meets the necessary standards.

Brain Drain In The Philippine Education

Developing nations are grappling with a phenomenon that started taking shape in the 1960s and in the 70s. A look at most countries in Asia indicates increased levels of influx towards the developed western nations. According to a report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asia is losing billions of dollars in terms of brain drain as its highly skilled workforce and professionals are leaving their countries in droves towards the developed countries for a more rewarding pay. India has lost IT professionals renowned for their computing intelligence.China too has lost people of expertise with almost two thirds of students studying abroad failing to return to their motherland. The list of countries suffering from brain drain runs long, the causes are deep-seated and the implications are inadvertently detrimental to the nation’s economies. Of special concern in this paper is the case of Philippines whose education sector has had adverse effects due to the in creased rate of brain drain amongst teachers. A look at the pattern of labor movement from Philippines to other nations reveals that it has undergone interesting metamorphosis with progressive adverse effects on the economy.Brain drain is a phenomenon that started in the early seventies though not in large droves experienced today. Before then however as Florian and Danilo (2003) note, ‘the movement of highly skilled Filipino professionals though significant was principally a private initiative among workers and their placement abroad. † In the early seventies and the 80s, majority of the Philippines were heading to the Middle East at a mere number of 36, 035 in 1975. This figure however would rise significantly to 214,590 in 1980 and to over 791 000 contract workers in 1998 (Florian & Danilo, 2003).The influx of teachers abroad is as a resultant effect of the push and pull factors between the immigration and the emigration countries. These push factors may range from la ck of employment opportunities as well as the pursuit of a better life and career progression. The unemployment rate in the recent years has ranged between 7 and 11 % and has been the force behind the massive brain drain. Philippines economy is based on a rocky foundation fuelled by agriculture, remittances from abroad and industries that are still in their formative stage. Unemployment is rife and the influx experienced is in the bid to escape this.Philippines economy possesses a limited capacity to absorb less than a million people in terms of employment. This is a small number compared to the high number of graduates and semi skilled personnel it is producing annually. The prospects of employment in foreign lands are a comforting respite to many. A look at the recent educational trends reveals that the country pool of trained professionals and graduates has been on the rise. The country produced over three million graduates in the 90s ranging from different professions although t he bulk of this was in the business related courses.A significant proportion of this comprised of teachers which has been of the most affected profession in terms of brain drain. According to the officials in the education sector, education in Philippines is undergoing a crisis as a direct consequence of brain drain. This is not a problem that affect schools at the formative level but according to J. Florendo B. , even the universities where â€Å"compensation packages and school environment are considered competitive enough by Philippines standards are not exempt from the lure of overseas employment.† (2008) A look at the influx of teachers from Philippines reveals a worrisome trend. It is a clear indication of the situation on the ground. According to the figures released by the Philippine Overseas Employment Statistics, there were as few as 112 teachers that emigrated in search for greener pastures in 1992. This figure was however to increase rapidly in the coming ten year s. J. Florendo B. L. notes that between 1992 and 2002 â€Å"2289 teachers were deployed abroad. † A significant portion of this went to the United States at 45. 2 %.These figures however refer to contract workers and fail to capture the total number of teachers that emigrated. According to the commission on Filipino overseas, there was â€Å"a total of 9,608 emigrant teachers from 1988 to 2001. † (J. Florendo, 2008. ) Over 75% of these teachers moved to the United States. 20 % of all emigrants are trained teachers which leaves Philippines with no sources of teachers to replace those that are moving. Unemployment rates apart, the meager wage awarded to many even in lucrative professions is a lead cause to the emigration.In private schools, teachers earn less than 400 us dollars while their counterparts in the public schools at an entry level take home close to 230 US dollars a month. This is a meager amount compared to over four thousand dollars a month in the United St ates (J. Florendo B. , 2008). The working conditions of the public schools have also exacerbated the need to search for greener pastures. Public schools in Philippine are in a sorry state, largely overcrowded and the inherent corruption across the bureaucracy hinders the emergence of any chance for career progression.The inability of the Philippine’s economy to absorb trained graduate teachers in the public school has not helped either. Philippine produces over 30 thousand teachers at the elementary and secondary level but only a quarter of this number is a absorbed into the public schools. With the huge percentage increase in graduates, the government has only been able to increase its rate by a mere 1. 7 percent creating an oversupply in eligible teachers and hence the emigration Remuneration prospects apart, the proficiency of most Filipinos in English makes them attractive in overseas markets.According to Robert et al â€Å"English continues to dominate the Philippines e ducational system. † He also notes that English â€Å"language has been seriously cultivated for non literary academic purposes since the bilingual education policy of 1974. † The fluency in English hence places Philippines professions at a higher competitive level compared to their counterparts across Asia. (1999) Brain drain across all the professions though it has had some positive contributions, is has adversely affected Philippines economy. The most affected is the education sector. Brain drain in the long run is detrimental to the economy in general.As Michel et al (2001) notes, â€Å"migration of people endowed with a high level of human capital-the so called â€Å"brain drain† is detrimental for the country of emigration. † This has been the case of Philippines especially in some of the selected sectors. Ronald Meinarchs points out clearly that â€Å"the more and better educated a people the greater the chances of economic development. † Whe reas Philippines may be producing professionals through its elaborate system of training and education, the bulk of this population is not directly beneficial to its economy as it immediately emigrates in search of jobs and greener pastures(2003).As a fore mentioned, Philippines is grappling with an acute shortage of qualified and effective teachers. The best teachers in the sector have all fled the country towards the developed nations. This has led to a decline in the quality of education. It is to be noted that most of the teachers that emigrate to north America are the best in the market considering that recruitment standards in the United States are elaborate and require high credentials. High schools are the most affected as the teachers there have a mastery of what they teach.It becomes hard for the department of education in Philippines to fill such posts with suitable replacements in a country where almost all professionals are on the run. It is important to note that there is an undeniable fact on the positive attributes of brain drain in Philippines especially the remittances that have contributed immensely to the economy. These remittances from abroad amount to over us $ 8. 5 billion annually which is almost 10 % of the whole Philippines GDP.It is not however clear how much of this amount is from teachers that work in North America but it is apparent that their remittances are not channeled towards improving the quality of education at home. There are a number of steps that should be taken to address the detrimental impact of brain drain in the educational sector. While it is not possible to restrict the emigration of labor in this age of globalization, the government should lump teachers together with pilots terming them as possessing ‘critical skills. † This will hence require them to work in the country for a certain period of time before they emigrate.This will give the government ample time to train replacements. It is a major conc ern to note that Philippine, though brain drain subsidizes the developed countries’ cost of educating and training professionals. Philippine spends colossal amount of resources to nurture personnel only for them to emigrate at the nick of time. To improve education, the government should spend a considerable amount of the remittances to improve the education system as well as providing tax incentives to encourage remittances.ReferencesRobert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, 1999. Language Planning in Malawi, Mozambique and the Philippines. Multilingual Matters Jo. Florendo B. Lontoc, A May-June 2008. Situation on Philippine Education University of the Philippines. Volume 9 Number 3. http://www. up. edu. ph/upforum. php? i=94 Ronald Meinardus, June 30, 2003. The Crisis of Public Education in the Philippines Business World Internet Edition: http://www. fnf. org. ph/liberalopinion/crisis-public-education-philippines. htm Cecil Morella, April 23, 2005. Medical brain drain threat to Philippines The Standard. http://www. thestandard. com. hk/stdn/std/World/GD23Wd04. htmlMigration and the Labour Market in Asia: Recent Trends and Policies Organisation for Nihon Rodo Kyokai, 2003. Economic Co-Operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Publishing. Florian A. Albura, Danilo I Abella, 2003. Developing countries: study on Philippines. International Programme. International Labor Office Geneva. Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier and Hilel Rapport, 2001. Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of development Economics. Vol 64 (275-289) Andrew Mountford, 1997. Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? Journal o

Answer the questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Answer the questions - Coursework Example litical, and aristocratic norms of the Enlightenment Age; thus, it was initiated by the need for the rationalization of scientific world (Holborn 411). The period was strongly rationalized by music, visual art, and literature thereby influencing education, historiography, and the natural science. Furthermore, it is worth noting the period was strongly associated with radicalism and liberalism both of which affect the growth and development of nationalism (Holborn 681). To the poet, the period led to the emphasis in emotional poetry thereby making poets to be experienced more on the aesthetic values of their artworks. Artworks were highly appreciated during this period thereby making folk arts to be given noble status. The 1800 poets revived the medievalism so that they could leave population growth, industrialism, and urban sprawl. Gordon A. Craig wrote much on the rise and fall of Germany. In his contribution, he noted the contribution of numerous female authors including Marlene Deitrich. Was born on 27 December 1901 and died on 6th May 1992. She was a German actress and singer with American blood (Holborn 611. She was a self-driven character who developed her profession on her own. She wrote several publications including the 1962, 1979, 1989, and 1990 publication with her 1979 reflecting mainly on the events that took place in Germany. Wilhelm von Humboldt’s new university foundation in Berlin was mainly for field of biogeography. In laying the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt advocated that the foundation was to serve a long term and systematic measurement of geographic artifacts or elements. The foundation targets the contemporary meteorological and geomagnetic Measurements. Using the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt wanted unify the numerous and diversified scientific branches of knowledge. Notably, this work motivated the holistic universal perception of integrating entities (Holborn 812). Additionally, Humboldt’s work brought numerous professionals

How have archaeologists' attempts to interpret sex and gender Essay

How have archaeologists' attempts to interpret sex and gender relations in the past changed over the last thirty years - Essay Example vii). However, this is the core problem with the way in which cultures have been framed through Western belief systems, thus making assumptions about the way that sex and gender are considered within those societies subject to modern standards of understanding. It is important to re-examine the nature of social structures that have been determined through biased assumptions in order to better construct a picture of an ancient societies. Studying Gender through Archaeological Inquiry In studying gender, Gilchrist states (1999, p. x), â€Å"gender is revealed as a metaphor for relations between men and women: gender is an expression of social practice and beliefs about sexual difference†. The nature of defining social structures through gender relations provides for a depth of context that is not often discovered in archaeological pursuit. The nature of interrelationships between men and women is such that it defines family, political structures, social class structures, and all aspects of society that must be framed to understand how a culture lived. Gosden (1999, p. 135) points out that in the continual creation of gender as it exists within society, the nature of people can be seen for their ’composite’ as it is a creation of sets of relationships that define social roles and identities. In studying gender, a central part of that concept can become understood. Joyce (2000, p. 177) states that â€Å"Gender and power are completely intertwined because the social control of individual experience of the body is the most intimate level of discipline practiced by authorities†. In defining the roles that exist within the genders, it is clear that these roles are defined differently depending on location. Settings define the nature of a gender role, whether it be within a public sphere or in a private sphere (Joyce 2000, p. 182). In creating a discussion of gender, the relationships as they are defined by location creates a textually deeper understanding of how a culture interacted. In putting the domestic roles in context with the public roles, a defined space begins to emerge in which male and female participation in cultural life is spatially recognizable. The nature of social order and discipline becomes defined for the way in which it is practiced within relationships of importance, many of which are specified as roles of gender. Studying gender through feminist referencing in archaeology did not being until the 1980s, and more specifically with the first published paper was in 1984 through Conkey and Spector, with the first real collection of essays published in 1991 in reference to a conference that took place in 1988. This collection was published by Conkey and Gero and is titled Engendering archaeology: Women and prehistory. In the process of trying to spark interest in the topic, Conkey and Gero set up a series of projects associated with gender to create paths of inquiry and to frame feminism within the arc haeological discipline (Wylie 1992, p. 15). There are two primary trends in the study of gender through archaeological approach. The first is to use written records as a comparison against archaeological finds. The primary problem with this, of course, is that not all civilizations have

Diamond Age analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diamond Age analysis - Essay Example iction texts, technology takes a central part, and the conflicts arising from how humankind use technology and the consequences, as well as creation of futuristic technology, is common. The observation that science fiction has two dimensions in its nature will form the basis of the analysis of the text The Diamond Age, from this point of view. These two dimensions are usually the world of fantasy and the world of reality. Neal Stephenson, the author of this text, achieves the capturing of these two dimensions. The first dimension that concerns the world of fantasy focuses on the learning of essential concepts valuable for the survival of individuals in the Victorian society. A young girl of a lower tribe class learns with the Young Lady’s Primer with the objective of surviving in this society. The Young Lady’s Primer, however, was not initially designed for the use by the people it is being used by but had rather been designed for Finkle-McGraw’s granddaughter, Elizabeth. Its use by other people resulted from the Engineer’s fault. Hackworth, the engineer of the Young Lady’s Primer, decides to have a copy for his daughter named Fiona, which is not as agreed between him and the ‘Equity Lord’. There are several copies of it further after it is stolen ending up in with Nell which forces Hackworth to make a third copy after losing the other one. This explains how Nell gets the Young Lady’s Primer, which essentially the beginning of the unf olding of major events in the text. The text The Diamond Age presents a conflict in which Hackworth is caught up in a dilemma. This is when he opposes the employment of the Seed. He has fears the consequences which would occur because of its wrong usage if its use is allowed to the general population. Typically this conflict exists concerning the employment of the some of the technology that exists in the contemporary world. There could be great dangers associated with the use of certain technologies which means

The Code of Dignity and the Code of Honor Coursework - 3

The Code of Dignity and the Code of Honor - Coursework Example In the code of dignity, an interpersonal relationship prospers because of ratification and dialogue. According to the code of dignity, people must form an interpersonal relationship on equal terms and they should give each other respect and space to grow. In the code of honor, an interpersonal relationship prospers by defining social roles of people, in which they must stay to continue a relationship. Interpersonal relationships in the code of honor are formed by giving proper social positions to individuals and people can grow as part of society, not as individuals. Teamsterville code of speaking exemplifies a code of honor because the emphasis is on role and place and these should be related to a person. Moreover, in Teamsterville code of speaking, it was shown that men and women had their own roles in society, to which they should adhere. Society is prioritized over the individual in Teamsterville code of speaking. Nacirema code of speaking exemplifies a code of dignity because emphasis is on individual and self. People are in need of true communication that is close, supportive and flexible in which, they must be allowed to grow with respect. Self is prioritized over society in Nacirema code of speaking. Richard Daley: Joanna, I just don't get it. How could a woman like you abandon her child? What, did your husband beat you or something? Joanna Kramer: Well. No, Ted is not an extremist and he has no personal flaws but he was unable to give me my space.

Orozco's Short Story in the Classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Orozco's Short Story in the Classroom - Essay Example Orozco's work is filled with material that is almost Kafka-esque in its absurdity. For example, People at this company must arbitrarily fill their day with what is in their inbox, no matter how long it would take, instead of simply changing their workflow. â€Å"You must pace your work. What do I mean? I’m glad you asked that. We pace our work according to the eight-hour workday. If you have twelve hours of work in your IN box, for example, you must compress that work into the eight-hour day. If you have one hour of work in your IN box, you must expand that work to ï ¬ ll the eight-hour day. That was a good question. Feel free to ask questions. Ask too many questions, however, and you may be let go†. This quote alone can be used to generate two exercises. First: Is Orozco's character an actual person, or intended to represent one? I think not. Orozco's introduction character is some dream figure, some devilish mockery, much like a character in a Dilbert strip. A Dilbe rt strip of the Pointy Haired Boss could be compared to Orozco's orientation with fruitful results. Second: Students could be asked to write a story that plays up the absurdity of everyday moments too. An exercise on Kafka, Dilbert and Orozco, creating a short story that uses magical realist elements to highlight absurdity in the real world, would be a fantastic exercise in composition. The orientation is being offered to the reader: It is second-person narration, and particularly skillful at that. Second-person narration is difficult for many reasons, not the least of which being the way that is constrains the likely description and characterization approaches. In a first-person narration, where the protagonist is the narrator, the reader is given easy insights into the narrator's mind. The narrator can tell what he thinks about people, what he sees, describe rooms and situations, and make clear his motivation. A third-person narration, either omniscient or not, can similarly descr ibe characters, environments, settings and motivations without seeming out of place or jarring. But a second-person narration will rarely have these elements, because most people do not say, â€Å"Do you see how that desk is brown and the chair is red? Enjoy the comfortable leather of the chair†. Making what the second-person storytelling says plausible is difficult, but Orozco accomplishes it beautifully. Orozco is able to describe a workplace without describing it specifically, both as emotional and physical setting. We learn about fire exits, the Mr. Coffee, and get a

RYANAIR CASE ANALYSIS NOTES Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RYANAIR CASE ANALYSIS NOTES - Coursework Example Threat of new entrant into the industry is extremely low. This is because large capital is required for other aircrafts to enter the market. Additionally, the period for required for other firms to market themselves, is long (Creaton, 3). Finally Europe is extensively industrialized therefore getting space to build a new airport may be impossible. Ryanair face relatively stiff competition from substitutes. There exist alternative and affordable methods of transportation like high-speed electric trains and ferries. Furthermore, a bigger population of Europe residents own personal cars. This means that they can easily switch to driving. Buyers bargaining power is medium. As with many businesses, customers are always sensitive to prices. If Ryanair increases its prices, customer will shift to other planes whose prices are lower. In other words, Ryanair has not worn its customer’s loyalty. The power of suppliers to Ryanair is extremely high. All aircrafts owned by the company are Boeing. If the manufacture of Boeing denies Ryanair its services, Ryanair will undergo extensive loss. Jet engine fuel is controlled by few companies in Europe. As a result, Ryanair controls it through hedging (Creaton, 8). Finally, regional may decide to increase their charges on planes. In order to avoid this, Ryanair has come up with policies that make them avoid such regions. Finally, there is stiff competition in the market. Other flight companies like Easyjet and Aer Lingus have also adopted the tactic of offering low cost to passengers. Since this low cost model may become a trend, Full Service airline may also imitate the model posing more competition to Ryanair. Through PESTEL framework, the political, economic, social cultural, technological, ethical and legal environment impacting Ryanair will be discussed. Political environment affecting Ryanair

Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay Example for Free

Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay In my work I have a duty of care to the young people I work with. This means their health, safety, wellbeing and emotional development is my responsibility. For me to do this I follow company policies and procedures and when needed seek advice from the appropriate people. Ac3. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas. While at work for any support I need I firstly will talk to the other member of staff I am on shift with. After that I may call a senior in the office or the out of hour’s duty manager. If problems are still not solved then for the safety of the young person I may need to call the police depending on the situation. 054.3 Ac1. Describe how to respond to complaints. If a yp wants to make a complaint about anything my first action would be to try and resolve the issue myself. After that it may need to go higher up to a senior or my manager, failing that I would assist the yp to fill in a complaint form and then hand it to the manager who would then take the appropriate action from thee. Ac2. Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints. †¢ Minor/informal complaints such as a yp complaining about the dà ©cor in their bedroom may be dealt with by staff verbally but it still must be recorded on a complaint form and handed to the operations manager. A record will be made in the complaints log. The complaint will be dealt with in 14 days and a written response will be given to the complainant regarding the outcome. †¢ Serious complaints must be written down within two working days and be fully responded to in writing. The complaint must be handed to the operations manager who then should notify the managing director of keys using a complaint referral form. All serious complaints must be resolved within 35 days. †¢ All serious/written complaints must be recorded briefly on a complaints form and in the central complaints file. They will be counted and audited on a monthly basis. The full investigation details will be filed in an individual investigation file. †¢ The operations manager must ensure all serious complaints are entered onto the weekly complaints report by the nominated office. †¢ Any complaint received externally must be logged in the homes central record and copies of any correspondence must also be held in the home. †¢ Copies of any correspondence and the fully completed appendix one must be sent to the complaints administrator at Rawtenstalll office who will ensure the checklist id fully completed.

How small firms differ from large businesses

How small firms differ from large businesses Penrose (1959) stated that small and large firms are as fundamentally different from each other as a caterpillar is from a butterfly; they identify those characteristics of the small firm, other than size, which distinguish it from the larger enterprise. Thus, while creating, establishing and running a small business, these characteristics will influence the small business owners approaches and management style compared to large ones. Wynarczyk et al (1993) argue that there are three central respects in which small firms are different to large firms: Uncertainty The first key area of differences is uncertainty. With regard to uncertainty, three dimensions have been identified: The first uncertainty is the lack of market power, Thus, when creating and establishing a small business, the owner should have a clearer approach of the lack of market power as an external uncertainty. This associates small businesses as the price-taker as they have no power to set prices, as the threats of new entrants is high. However, it can be argued that it depends on what type of small businesses does the owner want to create, establish and run. For instance, focusing on niche markets with good customer-engagement approach, such as a small holiday agency, will make small businesses to have an influence in setting their prices. Hence, small businesses have to seek to compete in other ways such as service, quality, and timeliness. In contrast, large businesses are the price-maker due to high market power; this has to be used carefully to avoid attracting the attention of competition authorities. So, market prices are strongly influenced by large businesses that, through scale economies, should be able to set low prices. The marketing approach would be to use an integrated communication mix such as, mass advertising and PR, as their financial resources allow them to do so. Thus, the competitive focus of small and large businesses is likely to differ sharply. The second source of uncertainty for small firms is their limited customer and product base. A classic example is where small firms simply act as subcontractors to larger firms. Such firms are open to subcontractor vulnerability (Lyons and Bailey, 1993), which is created not only by dependence on dominant customers, but also upon the extent to which output is specialised to particular customers. The smaller firm clearly perceives to be more vulnerable than the larger firm and acts accordingly (Lyons and Bailey, 1993). The third uncertainty relates to the much greater diversity of objectives of the owners of small firms, compared with large firms. Many small business owners seek only to obtain a minimum level of income rather than maximising sales or profits (Storey 1994). Small business owners do not have to concern themselves with reporting their actions to external shareholders and so performance monitoring effectively do not exist. For a small firm, the relationship between the business and the owner is very much closer than it is between the shareholder and the large firm, and so the motivation of the owner of the small firm is a key influence upon the small firm performance (Storey, 1994). Large firm emphasises the importance of control. The central issue is how the owners of the business ensure that the managers of the business act in their interest, and how senior managers exert control over more junior managers. This form of internal conflict is largely absent in small firms (Storey, 1994) where ownership and control are located in the hands of a few people or even a single individual, thus, while running a small business, the owner will adopt a more dynamic and organic management style. In contrast, large businesses are more likely to suffer from internal uncertainty, defined by Curran and Blackburn (2001), as an inability to deliver a product or service consistently throughout the organisation. Much managerial time in large businesses is devoted to address this issue with therefore formality and procedures implemented. Hence, the large businesses tend to have a bureaucratic management style with formal control over performance. Innovation A second key area of difference between small and large firms is their approach to innovation. The role small firms play in innovation relates to their niche role where: it is the ability of the small firm to provide something marginally different, in terms of product or service, which distinguishes it from the more standardised product or service provided by the larger firm (Storey, 1994: 11-12). Small firms are more likely to introduce fundamentally new innovations than larger firms, a feature often attributed to small firms having less commitment to existing practices and products (Pavitt et al. 1987). However, Schumpeter (1934) has provided empirical evidence that large businesses use static measures, and are more innovative than smaller businesses. This is because most small businesses do not set out to be innovative: at best, their key innovation is just to enter a given market. Furthermore, Van Praag and Versloot (2007) stated that small businesses are likely to commercialise innovations but less likely to adopt innovations. However, large businesses innovation capitalise on heavy expenditure on formal research and development. While most small businesses do not innovate, and many fewer undertake formal research and development, those that do are able to bring ideas to the marketplace quickly if they are able to access suitable funding. Evolution The third area of difference between small and large firms is the greater likelihood of evolution and change in the smaller firm (Storey, 1994). Small firms that become larger undergo a number of stage changes which influence the approaches and style of management as well as the structure of the organisation (Scott and Bruce, 1987) than is the case for larger firms (Storey, 1994). Thus, creating, establishing and running a new small business has different approaches, management styles and skills learn through experience, at different stages of the small business development. Churchill and Lewis (1983) summarised the Five Stages of Small Business Growth stating that small businesses have varied management styles and approaches according to the stage the small business is in. For example, being at the existence stage (creating and establishing), the owner has direct supervision management style; his major strategy approach would be to stay alive, thus, there would be no formal systems to follow. Figure : source http://www.tameer.org.pk/images/The_Five_Stages_Of_Small_Business_Growth.pdf [accessed on 17/11/2010] However, not all small businesses grow; some of them fail to survive due to the lack of environmental scanning; finance or planning. Moreover, Hakim (1989), in her survey of approximately 750,000 UK businesses, 55 per cent had no plans for growth, at a time when the economy was growing. The finding was clearly influenced by business size, with 60 per cent of businesses with fewer than 3 workers having no growth aspirations, compared with only 2 per cent of those with 25-49 employees. Hence, the smaller the operational size of the business the less likely it is to seek to increase its scale or growth. Skills Required to Create, Establish and Run a Small Business A skill is simply a knowledge which is demonstrated by action. It is an ability to perform in a certain way. The Five-Must Skills Requires when creating; establishing and running the Small Business Planning skills Personal skills and characteristics Sales and marketing skills Accounting and financial skills Administrative skills These are the basic skills necessary to enable the small business owner to start, develop, finance, and market his small business. Apart from all these skills mentioned, other important skills are needed to run a business mainly: leadership skills; human skills; conceptual skills and technical skills. Planning skills Creating a new business is the pre-start-up phase where planning skills are very important. While creating the business, an appropriate business plan is required which explain the business concept and model (Justin et al 2002). The business plan will require the owner or shareholder to have an organisation-wide approach skill as it consists of the business model, financial, marketing and operational management plan. The approaches towards the business plan in small and large businesses differ. According to (Bridge et al. 1998), the preparation of business plan may be unsuitable for small businesses due to the dynamic changes in the environment. Small business has a more tactical approach to planning as they concentrate on the survival and stability strategy at the creating and establishing stage and an emergent strategy at the running stage In addition, Paul D. Hannon and Andrew Atherton (1997) developed a model of planning in the journal of small firm success and show that there is a critical relationship between planning in small business and strategic awareness capability which lead to the small business success known as the successful orienteer. Nevertheless, this is not always the case for small business owner to be a successful orienteer due to the internal and external factors affecting them. However, in large businesses, they have a strategic (long term vision) approach as regard to their business plan. They emphasised the corporate level of strategy (Philip S, 2003) which aim for the stability and growth. The corporate strategy seek to grow the business by implementing long term marketing strategies (the Ansoff Matrix) and also to achieve higher profitability, sales revenue and to have better competitive advantages over its rivals. Figure : Ansoff Matrix (2007 When creating; establishing and running a small business time management skills are also essential. The small owner should be able to create a work life balance. Small business owner may spend too much time at work. Moreover, their main motivation is their income to satisfy their family needs, thus, they should make effective decisions to balance their business life with their personal life. Figure : The business/Personal overlap In contrast, large businesses have an effective time management skills, due to formal procedures of meeting deadlines and being compliance with legal proceedings. Personal skills In the early stages of business development, the personal characteristics and skills of the small business owner will influence the management style of the business. Thus, the individual attributes influence the skills of the owner which shapes the leadership outcomes. General cognitive ability Motivation Personality Individual attributes Problem solving skills Social judgement skills Knowledge Competencies Leadership outcomes Effective problem solving Performance Table : the three components of the skills model pg. 41 According to Lundberg (1985), the personal skills and characteristics such as problem-solver, determination, self-discipline, analytical skills, good judgement of characters and so on, motivate the small business owner to create and establish and also run his business successfully, and as Birley (1996) mentioned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires. However, many small businesses fail compare to large businesses because they run their business as an extension of their personality. For example, if the small business owner is introvert, quite assertive, make his own decision rather than consulting subordinates or explore the external environment, he/she is more prone to adopt the closed and indirect management style rather than open and direct management style (David A 1993) which may result in failure. The self-motivating skills and aspirations of small business owners are also different from those who operate large businesses. Miner (1997) concluded that small business owners are motivated by their performance, independence, status and family needs. Gray (2002); Hart and Oulton (1996), some are lifestyle owners of small businesses whose object is primarily to obtain a comfortable living for themselves, it may be a hobby that generate incomes or to pass on their business to family members. In contrast, a minority may wish to grow their business rapidly. However, owners or shareholders of large businesses seek to maximise the value of the company. The task management is to achieve this maximisation of shareholders value by seeking profit maximisation and continuous growth and expansion. In addition, the management style will be mostly influenced by the organisational culture, which consists of six elements according to Johnson and Scholes (1992). Figure : Johnson Cultural Web (1992) Networking skills including interpersonal skills are also important. Networks can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a firms set of relationships with other organisations (Perez and Sanchez 2002:261). In essence, what Birley (2002) suggests is that individuals use their networks to gain legitimation and resources for their established business. Without the benefit of such support, the implication is that many new established (start-up) businesses would be stillborn. The social network approach differ from the way small businesses use it compared to large ones in order to support the development of their business. Small businesses uses the support of its family, limited customers base and other owners of small businesses to develop the establish organisation whereas, large businesses use a pool of social network (stakeholders). Thus, Birley states the credibility is lower in small businesses, than in large businesses due to the lack of market power and sources of funds to satisfy the suppliers and customers. Figure : The credibility cycle (Sue Birley and David Norburn, 1976) Sales and Marketing skills The business should create awareness of his product or service and distinguish them from their competitors by effective marketing skills. The business then needs to be able to convert interest into cash! This is where sales, oral communication, negotiation skills and interpersonal skills come in. Thus, the small business owner should rely on their effective sales and marketing skills to maintain and acquire good customer relationship. For example, identify the sales opportunity, be confident to handle objection and negotiate to reach win-win situation (Fred E, 1987). In large business, lot of finances are put towards sales and marketing. In addition, specialist sales and marketing manager, with high competence, expertise and knowledge, are those who deal with different sales and marketing techniques to be implemented in order to have good customer relationship and expand their product/market portfolio. Besides, in large businesses, brand positioning plays a big role in their marketing strategy. Shocker et al. (1994) and Hatten and Schendel (1977) reveals that in large businesses, brand can be a positive factor influencing sales. It provides the customer with the awareness leading to confidence and ultimately loyalty. They also showed that small businesses such as hairdresser; pubs, corner shops etc., have no brand value, apart from some local loyalty. Thus, protecting a positive brand image is vital for large businesses. Accounting and Financial skills When creating, establishing and running a small business, the most important skill that the owner should possess is the financial skill. To implement the business idea, source of finance is required to start-up and run the establishment. Financial skills include: planning annual budget; cash flow forecast, effective management of the cash cycle; avoid overtrading and the profit and loss account should be analysed. In small businesses the owner has hands-on skills, thus, such financial skills are needed to survive and remain in existence. However, large businesses are in better advantage as they not only have specialist financial analysts to analyse their accounts and prepare their budgets, but the banks and building societies also help them. In addition, Ang (1991), conducted empirical evidence and stated that small businesses are funded primarily from the owners savings and retained profits and the use of external equity is rare. Small businesses pay higher interest rates on borrowed funds than large businesses, which have a wide choice of sources of finance. Thus, the small businesses faces lots of financial difficulties as mentioned in the figure below. Figure : The Financial Skills face by Small Business Owners by Jonathan Tucker and Jonathan Lean -2003 Administrative skills Administrative skills include a wide range of organisational and technical skills from planning, organising, scheduling and to staffing. Thus, a small business owner should possess administrative skills, such as good filing procedure for the billings, invoices and so. In contrast, large businesses normally have the finance to invest in latest technology in order to manage their administrative skills. Key Differences in Running Small businesses and Large Businesses: Skills; Approaches and Management style The management styles are distinctive ways of making decisions and relating to subordinates. Different management styles can be used dependent on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the workforce and the personality and skills of the owners or leaders. As discussed in the essay, the small business owners skills are more or less the same as the entrepreneurial skills, they adopt an adaptive and organic management style whereas large businesses ownership skills are more predictive and mechanist which relate to their autocratic management style. Figure : Differences between the small business management skills and management style compared to large ones (Beaven and Jenning- 1995) However, stating that large businesses have a more autocratic management style due to its bureaucratic organisational structure, is too generalised, ignoring the fact that the management styles and the relative importance of the skills (technical; decision-making and interpersonal skills) varies within the level of management. Management level Primary Management Skills needed Primary Management Functions Performed Management or leadership styles Top Decision-Making and Interpersonal skills Planning and Organising Participative leadership style Middle Balance of Interpersonal; Technical; and Decision-Making skills Balance of all five functions (Planning; Organising; Controlling; staffing and Leading) Balance of autocratic; democratic and paternalistic as result to circumstances First-Line Technical and Interpersonal Skills leading and controlling Balance of democratic and autocratic as result to circumstances Table : Skill needed; Function performed and Management styles used at different management levels. Source: lassier (2002) In addition, the culture prevails in the organisation will shape the organisational structure. Nowadays, many large businesses, such as BQ are concentrating in developing a flat structure, with more flexibility. Besides, approaches and management styles changes according to circumstances and objectives. Skills can quickly become obsolete if owners or shareholders are not constantly updating them. Thus, training and development and knowledge management of the owners and employees are very crucial. In small businesses, owners management style will be influenced by their skills and characteristics, thus, stating that due to informal control and undifferentiated roles, the small businesses have an organic or flatter structure due to fewer tiers is not always the case. Some small businesses fail as some owners are autocratic as they want things to be done their way and are often the one who makes decisions without consulting the employees and analysing the external environment. The table below will provide evidences of the key differences between small and large businesses as regard to the running of the business which will influence the owners skills, approaches and management style. Aspect (Evidence) Small Business Large Business What difference does it make? Strategy (Man et al. 2002; Rangone 1999) Has to be flexible since it lacks the opportunity to reap scale economies. So, more likely to develop an emergent strategy The large business will seek to exploit its price advantages, and advantage obtained by heavy investment in people, fixed assets or research and development The development of new markets and particular new industries has often been pioneered by smaller businesses. Once, those industries have become established, average business size increases because economies of scale become important Political influence (Dannreuther 1999) The individual small business, acting alone, will have minimal impact on government. Large businesses are widely consulted by governments, even at the early stage when legislation is considered. Large businesses have considerable power and can influence the formulation of government policy. If legislation. However, large businesses argue that, whilst they comply fully with legislation, smaller businesses can avoid enforcement by avoiding the scrutiny of government. Wages and benefits for workers (Brown et al. 1990; Troske, 1999) Small businesses generally pay lower wages and provide fewer fringe benefits Larger businesses pay higher wages and provide more fringe benefits Large and small businesses hire different types of worker. The small business worker is more likely to be either old or young, attracted by a team ethnic and less likely to have formal qualifications. Human resources (Vickers et al. 2005; Forth et al. 2006) At their best, small businesses provide a happy environment in which to work. At, their worst, they can be unsafe, exploitative, working environments. Large businesses are more likely to attract prime age workers, with formal qualifications, and those seeking a career. Overall, job satisfaction appears to be higher in small than in large businesses. Large business workers are likely to receive a higher remuneration package but small business workers may derive greater satisfaction from flexibility and sense of teamwork. Training and Recruitment (Carroll et al. 1999; Storey 2005) Small businesses provide less training and recruit new staff through informal channels. Large businesses are much more likely to provide formal training and use formal channels to recruit new staff. Small businesses, because they emphasise the use of informal procedures, are viewed by some as backward. But this is to misunderstand the motivations and constraints of small business owners. What is less clear is whether small businesses provide more informal training than large ones. Competitive advantages (Jennings and Breaver 1997) Flexible, responsive to the customer. Able to undertake investment and provide a more comprehensive service. Large businesses can reap scale economies, so they are more likely to be able to compete on price. They are also able to supply a wider range of liked services, avoiding the need for customers to have to shop around. Table : The key differences between small and large businesses; Source: Storey and Greene (2010) Conclusion Thus, creating, establishing and running a small business does require some of the skills as operating large ones, but the approaches and management styles will be different to large and small businesses due to their differences in characteristics and the different factors affecting them internally and externally. Besides, the small business owners do have different goals, plan, skills and approaches. For example, a small business owner has undifferentiated roles, thus need to have a hand-on skills to promote diversity and flexibility. However, it was also mentioned that skills and management style varies upon the levels of management and also people are different individuals who use different management styles according to the circumstances and objectives. The key advantage of the small business is that while the external uncertainty they experienced are greater than large businesses, they experienced less internal uncertainties due to their close control over the business. In addition, small businesses see themselves as customer focused, placing emphasis on service. However, generalisation is untrue: that all small businesses have lack of market power and do not grow. For example, the crematorium, a small business was able to exert real market power over a competitor. We should not forget as well that skills; approaches and management style of small businesses would be different to large businesses because small businesses tend to be higher in the risk of failure. The main reasons are normally lack of contingency plans, poor risk assessment done and lack of leadership style. This is why small businesses concentrate on cash rather than profit (Birley, 1992).

Planning a Wedding on a Budget

Planning a Wedding on a Budget A wedding is first planned when the two partners sit down together and discuss how they would want the wedding to be for them. From this, they will be able to state the amount of money they would want to spend on the whole occasion and ends up been a success. From the stated amount of money, they would be able to limit their expenses according to your priorities with respect to the following sectors: the size of the wedding, location of the wedding, time of the year, photos and video to be captured during the event, music to be played during the whole occasion. We shall cover the sectors above step by step analyzing them. Size of the wedding The size of the wedding is determined by the number of guests who have the greatest effect on the total cost because this means more food and drinks, a bigger church or a hall for a reception, a bigger wedding cake and more invitations. The first consideration to make when thinking about the number of guests is who is more important and who should not miss the wedding. Because in most places charges are done per head and an addition of an extra 50 or 100 persons will be significant. When it comes to invitations and decorations, you can save a substantial amount of money if you do it yourself and to be able to achieve this, you need to be able to design using a computer in which saving money comes in by coming up with ones own invitations. The same can be done with decorations for the church or the reception hall. With raw decoration resources, you can achieve a lot and as well put in your taste and creativity. Flowers add part of the decorations. Do you want fresh natural flowers which smell and are beautiful to top it up? By using the fresh flowers as the centre pieces of the tables and do a blend with the artificial ones. This will save a great percentage of your money to be spent. Foods and drinks And now the part that invites wedding crashers to a wedding in addition to single ladies is food and drinks, which without hesitation will be among the leading expenses depending on the type that you select for your wedding. The questions to ask yourself here are if you would want a buffet presentation or a formal sitting down meal of which the latter will be a little more expensive considering you will need more staff to serve the meals unlike the former. Maybe another thing you would want to consider is what will be offered before and after the meals if really necessary. For this you have to be ready to spend an additional amount per head. Another point to remember is that alcohol has never been cheap and so if you are intending to have a mini-bar, thats another cost to encounter because of the obvious reason, the waiters or the bar tenders. Go for the option of the cheaper house not forgetting the time the bar service will take to be on operation. You can save some money if the bar is closed for a while during the meal service. Music and photography The other important part of the wedding is the music and photography session. Depending on what you want, either live band/ entertainment, music playing during the occasion, or hiring a DJ, remember to weigh the options. Discuss the package options with the photographers as early as when you start planning for the wedding to be able to chose quality and save on money. All in all remember this is a one time event in your life so do your planning considering the benefits it will give you and your partner for the future. HOW TO PLAN A WEDDING ON BUDGET GENERAL PURPOSE: To help on planning a wedding SPECIFIC PURPOSE: how to plan for a wedding on a budget and live to remember it positively CENTRAL IDEA: overspending in weddings that people could save on to buy their first house INTRODUCTION The major areas to consider while planning a wedding on a budget are: size of the wedding, location of the wedding, time of the year, foods and drinks, Photography and videos. BODY To reduce the size of the wedding, only invite the most important persons to attend it as this will reduce the size of the cake to be baked, the size of the church and the reception hall and in the end cutting down on the cost. More so, you will have a small number of invitation cards to make which you have to do it yourself especially if you can design using a computer. On foods and drinks, chose the type of presentation you would like to have and remember to put into consideration the time the bar will be operational which will cut down on the costs to the bar tenders and the waiters. Always go for the quality cheaper options which may come as a package. The same goes for the photography and videos,. Although with these it would be advisable to start planning for it as soon as you start planning for the wedding as you will get a good enough time to go through their productions and there you will give your judgment as to which one is better and your preferences. This form the basis of your memories of your wedding day, therefore be careful. CONCLUSION This wedding is for you and your probable life partner. It can also be considered as the foundation of the marriage and so you need to live and enjoy it with good memories which begin from the thoughts, the planning, the photos and videos and ends with the memories again. From the savings made, you and your partner can it aside as a deposit for your future house or buying an item that will benefit the two of you in the future, give yourselves a treat of a lifetime or even put it as savings for an emergency in the future. You realize that many people do an expensive wedding that ends up been a disaster or they regret about it after it has happened saying if and only if, I would have done this or that which was cheaper at the time but opted otherwise. Cheap does not necessarily come up with bad quality, you will be surprised buying your wedding gown at a cheaper rate from one end of town and get the same design and quality double the price at the other end of the town. Walk around town or the city and compare the various prices and the availability of the different packages that are been offered and weigh them and finally give your preference. You will love it. Remember it is all for you and your partner all the others are third parties.

First Draft :: Creative Writing Essays

First Draft =========== This poem is based in the 19th century. There are three main characters in the story. Cousin Kate, Cottage maiden and the Lord. The title of this poem is self-explanatory. As you can tell the poem is based on a character called cousin Kate. As she is the main character in the poem, the whole poem revolves around her. The poem is based on Triangular Conflict, which means that there is a conflict between three people. The poem basically tells us about 19th century life and peoples attitudes towards unlawful relationships. The poem tells us about a cottage maiden who had an affair with a Lord. She looses her virginity to him, and then regrets the whole ordeal. In the 19th century if you were not known as pure, then fellow friends and family would reject you. It was seen to be unclean and impure if you were to have sex before marriage. Men would then look down on you in disgust, as would friends and family. The poem demonstrates how a man can love a woman, then throw her away and move onto another as he pleases, and because he was a lord the cottage maiden could not say a thing. This brings into light the difference between higher and lower class people. If the cottage maiden had said anything, people would not believe her and would turn a blind eye to her, and to her accusations. Stanza 1 portrays the introduction to the poem. The issues raised in these two stanzas show that she was 'lured' by the lord. This tells us that he dragged her in like an animal luring its prey, waiting to attack its victim. At the beginning of stanza 1 it tells us that she is happy with her life. According to the introduction she works on a cottage and is happy with her life. According to this she is 'contented' her mates. She is happy with her friends and is all together happy with her life. She then goes on to say "why did a great lord find me out". This tells us that out of all the workers, or all the girls the lord knows, the cottage maiden was chosen. The start of the poem is written in first person narrative and carries on like that throughout the poem. The structure of this stanza is written in first person narrative, this means it was written from her point of view, and shows her feelings and no one else. The language used is very early 19th-20th century; it gives the impression of happiness leading to sadness.

A Story About Love Essay -- essays research papers

In Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"A Story About Love†, a young man in his 30’s, Bill Forrester takes up the acquaintance of an elderly woman, Helen Loomis who is in her 90’s. They meet in an ice cream shop and Bill tells Helen that he was in love with her once. She doesn’t know what this means. Helen invites Bill to join her the next day. Bill goes to Helen’s on a daily basis and she tells him stories about far away places that she has traveled to. In their minds, they are able to â€Å"travel† to these places together. Bill eventually tells Helen what he meant when he said that he was in love with her once. He had seen her picture in the newspaper and thought she was pretty. He was going to attend a ball that she was at but found out that the picture was many years old and she was actually an older woman. T...

Stock Market Gann

Fast Intraday – There are basically four solstice dates which Mr. Gann said are most important according to the sun based system. He also said, divide the year by octave and you will get the proof of all the natural activities happen across the year. He insisted to divide the year further by octave and you will get the proof of Human behaviors which is fluctuating throughout the year. The important dates are – 1- 21st March 2- 21st June 3- 22nd September 4- 21st December Now if we divide the year by octave we get following dates – 1- 5th May 2- 5th August – 8th November 4- 4th February Mr. Gann also said that â€Å"we use the squares of odd and even numbers to not only get the proof of markets but the cause also. † Here if we look into the Gann square of 9 diagrams we will understand that the natural squares of odd and even numbers happen to be on mid points of the four solstices. Meaning the squares of odd numbers coincidently are falling on the da te 4th February and squares of even numbers are falling on the date 5th August. The magic also lies in the mid points of the squares of odd and even numbers.The mid points do fall on yes you got it†¦ The mid point falls on 5th May and 8th November which are the outcomes of the division of year by octave. So we have a strong argument that the nature and even the Stock markets are influential under the Octave based system. Mr. Gann has said numerous times to use the 45 degree angle. Now the question arises of how he has derived this particular degree angle. The magic is the octave based system. The circle is the answer for everything in life. Take a small or big circle it has 360 degrees. Mr. Gann said that divide the circle by octave and you will get 45 degree angle.Here we are trying to connect the octave based circle with the natural year based on octave. Because from various writings Mr. Gann has said that 45 degree is important and the solstices are important to find any cha nge in undergoing trend. However, whatever he has written is in a veiled language so it is necessary to put it into actual implementation we have to decipher Mr. Gann’s writing. Considering Mr. Gann’s square of 9 structures the spiraling of numbers coincidently (any power behind this creation? ) falls on respective dates and degrees. E. g. the squares of Odd and even numbers exactly fall on the cardinal dates.Their mid point also happens to be on cardinal date. This seems to consist the hidden mathematical truth which needs to get decipher to know the exact movement of Stock Markets or any other tradable securities and commodities. Before going any further studying Mr. Gann we are about to take a ride of Gann Square of 9 as it is one of the most and foremost important structure to consider for day trading or intraday trading. Mr. Gann was consistently using and saying that the squares of Odd and Even numbers are important to decode the daily market movements. The magic also lies in the aligning of squares of Odd and even numbers.If you carefully observe the alignment of Odd and even number squares you will easily find out that they are exactly 180 degrees far from each other. E. g. the Square of 12 i. e. 144 and square of 13 i. e. 169 are exactly opposite or 180 degree far from each other. And their mid i. e. 156. 5 is exactly 90 degree far from 144 and 169. Now the question arises as to how we should put this information for actual trading of Stock Markets. Is there any fixed method we can use for intraday trading using the Gann Square of 9, then the answer is yes. However, there are certain rules to be follow while trading intraday using Gann Square of 9.Each date falling on the cardinal line is consist of a certain time period and hence is known as a time line. There are sixteen different time lines which have been created by dividing the year by octave and double octave. Now what to and how to use this time lines and different squares and num bers is the solution to the full proof plan of guessing or gauging the stock markets. The readers must accept the beauty of Square of 9 and should put to use for intraday purpose only. Because there are different techniques use for long and short term investments.

With Reference To A Conflict Over The Use Of A Local

Paragraph 1: Introduction to Heathers, include; Cost E. Billion How it operates . 2 main parallel runways-landing occur at same time 2. 1 cross-wind runway 3. Most blow south/south west to west, so planes take off into the wind to provide â€Å"life† 4. Plane passes every 90 seconds How it has tried to adapt to locals needs (no fighting through night†¦ ) Night time fighting not generally allowed (after pm or before am) Compare to Trump's development. For example has it been adapted for people's needs.Don't visually benefit locals, but brings in tourists and income to area. Paragraph 2: The planning process of the Terminals and why it was necessary; Trading with Mounties overseas How the airport won't be able to cope with more traffic without another terminal Compare to Trump's development (was it really that necessary for the complex to be built in that particular area) nearly wasn't allowed there because the it is an area of outstanding beauty, but Scottish government ma de it okay for Trump to develop his ideas.Paragraph 3: The main arguments for and against terminal 5; FOR: rapid growth in air travel, reputation, airport capacity, competition with Europe, its important as a global â€Å"hub†, local economic value, tourism and the eider significance. AGAINST: industry is heavy subsided, economy is overstated, HACK and FOE. MAIN BODY OF ESSAY -Paragraph 4: Economic reactions within groups and weather their satisfied Against Aviation's contribution to the economy is overstated. It is only the 26th biggest industry in Britain, half the size of the IT industry and a tenth the size of banking and finance.The aviation industry is heavily subsided. Airlines pay no VAT on aviation fuel, a tax concession worth E billion a year in the sass and estimated to be worth El 6 billion by 2020. Airlines pay nothing towards the noise and pollution they cause as there is no environmental levy. For Competition with Europe – The position of Heathers as Rup ee's number one airport is being challenged by other European airports, such as Paris Charles De Gaulle (COG), Amsterdam Siphon and Frankfurt, all of which plan to expand capacity.Without expanding its own capacity, Heathers would fight to keep its place. Its importance as a global ‘hub' – Several business routes from Heathers, such as to Achaean and Bangles (India) and Los Angels ND Seattle (USA), rely on connecting traffic for 50% of their customers. They bring value to the airport and the LIKE economy by making routes financially feasible that would not be based on local demand alone.The wider significance – Although the enquiry noted that Weather's contribution to the Auk's gross domestic product (GAP) is probably underestimated (as there are no data to measure its influence in the Auk's and Loon's economy), the economic importance of Heathers is linked to its capacity. Restricting Heathers to 60 million passengers each year could affect the attraction of Lon don and the Oxford international investors. TO would contribute substantially to the LIKE economy, and to the success of London as a financial centre and its ability to attract further investment.

Pediatric Developmental Analysis Essay

1. Describe the stage the client should be in based on the age. Refer to your text for this information. Include the characteristics of the stage. The client should be in the school age. The developmental task of the school age is to develop industry versus inferiority. The child at this stage is learning how to do things well. The children in this stage are encouraged in their efforts to do practical tasks or make practical things and are praised and rewarded for the finished results, so that their sense of industry grows. It is in this stage also that when children are not recognized and are thought of as mischiefs develops a sense of inferiority rather than pride and accomplishment. A child’s world during this age grows to include the school and community environment and the success or failure can have a big impact on the child and on his later stages of development. An important part of developing industry is learning how to solve problems. Parents and teachers help children in doing this by encouraging practice. They can foster this by allowing the child to commit mistakes and helping the child in the tasks in which he/she has a hard time to do. At this age the child has the ability to view concepts and retain ideas. 2. Describe the stage in which the client is actually functioning. Use the client’s behavior to support your claim. The client is in the in the school age where she actively participates in school. She participates in activities such as school plays, recital of poems and associate with her classmates. She can accomplish small tasks independently. She is able to collect items such as dolls. At this stage the child also enjoys helping in the kitchen making cookies and salads. She is also involved in simple science projects and experiments that promote her association skills and she has been able to achieve well in her class. She can tell the time, month and can count numbers more appropriately. She can even add and subtract simple numbers. 3. How was the client’s current health problem/admission interfered with accomplishing the developmental tasks for this child? The child has a fever and cough which interfered with her performance in accomplishing things.   The child cannot perform well at school and cannot perform the task that she used to because the fever makes her weak that is why the child feels no accomplishments have been made. Since the health condition of the child affects her performance the quality of the work is also at stake therefore the child is not able to accomplish the task there is no reward or recognition given to the child in turn the child may feel or develop inferiority. Health problems as simple as fever and cough, reduces the child’s chance of doing things and accomplishing things in order to get rewards or acknowledgement therefore the development during this stage may be hindered. 4. List activities/ interventions to support or promote this client’s growth and development.  · The client can be fostered with activities such as assembling and completing small projects so that the child feels rewarded for the accomplishment.  · Help the child gain independence even if admitted, at the hospital make the child a part of his care. You can do this by simply having the child perform his self care like brushing his teeth, dressing up and other self care activities that are not harmful to his/her condition.  · Allowing the child to read and write are activities that can help the child pass the hour of sickness.  · Promote adequate rest and sleep with activities.  · Parents can give encouragement by helping the child in difficult situations or advise them with alternative way of how to accomplish the difficult task.  · The parents can offer support to the child and praise the child for accomplishments.  · Allow the child to participate in school activities such as sports and other recreational activities  · Allow the child to make a mistake. If the child makes a mistake do not discourage him or her, instead explain to him why such things happen and encourage the child to pursue  · At home, give the child household responsibilities, such picking up the toys and other scattered materials that are not invasive.  · Allow the child to express feelings and concerns.

The Great Gatsby, Chapter 8

Owen Marshall Honors Language Arts, Lohman March 27, 2013 Chapter 8 This chapter begins with Nick talking to Gatsby after the horrible events of the night before. Gatsby tells Nick how he spent his night waiting for Daisy to see him just for her to ignore him the whole time. He then tells Nick about why he fell in love with Daisy, and why he is still so deeply attached to her. Nick then leaves for work, shouting to Gatsby reassuring words seeing as he is obviously lost and depressed.After Nick leaves we are told about the actions of grief stricken George Wilson. We are told that George believed that the driver of the car that killed his wife was Gatsby and George acts upon this information. He spends the day making his way to Gatsby’s house and upon his arrival kills Gatsby in his pool and then ends his own life. Suspense This chapter creates a very deep suspense through the actions of George Wilson.Fitzgerald cultivates this suspense for the climax of the novel by describing George’s actions with little detail, describing them as if we are being told by a police report. He skirts what actually occurred, instead describing the setting in vivid detail. He mentions the â€Å"†¦cluster of leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 170) that are in the pool foreshadowing Gatsby’s fate by having the leaves represent the end of the season and the end of his life. Fitzgerald uses this suspense to keep the reader intensely reading keep Gatsby’s death a shock.

Study case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study case - Essay Example There is the well-recognized need to retain Vladimir, to get him to co-operate with colleagues and dispense with non-performers. Viewed from this perspective, the suggestion to bring in new talent and to put the non-performers on notice is a good strategy to reduce the negative effects of intergroup conflict. In other words, we are creating a situational change by this strategy. To make this strategy work, it is appropriate to involve him in the selection and the induction process for the new recruits. This would increase the acquaintance potential of the team and provide a chance for better appreciation of the team’s shared goal. This would be an apt recognition of Vladimir’s talents, send the right message to others, besides thrusting additional responsibility on him. The suggestion to retain 6 top performers at the end of a defined period of training of the 5 new recruits serves the dual objectives of being fair but firm with the entire team – new as well as the existing. There will be natural attrition which is always a possibility even without this strategy. By declaring the notice period and the final intentions openly, a healthy competition is being created that would raise the co-operation and performance levels in the team, and will One possible risk in this strategy is that Vladimir might become more arrogant and consider himself indispensible. However, since the attempt is to put together a much superior team, the disparity between him and others will reduce; further, he is being made responsible for his team’s performance or failure. These changes will mellow his behavior. This aspect can also be further strengthened by periodic counseling process which is so essential in any conflict

How can tourism promote urban economy of Tokyo Essay

How can tourism promote urban economy of Tokyo - Essay Example The analysis indicated, as many authors have also pointed out, that tourism creates massive economic impact on the city, yet, it also accompanies with it the cost especially on environment. While the number of tourists increases, the environment and social costs starts getting bigger as it can be seen from research, for example an increase in the number of crime cases in the society as well as the degree of pollution brought by massive tourist visiting Tokyo are the glaring examples of such ill effects. It is true that the tourism development tended to focus on the economic developments without considering the environment and social costs due to the difficulty of measuring such impacts and the limited information of those environment and social consequences. Economic impact can be measured at the time when tourists arrive in the country, but the environment and social impact can not be measured at the same time when tourist visits. Environment and social consequences will appear in a different way but is difficult to link the cause and effect because of its time lug. The effect will be apparent only after a while. As a conclusion, if the increasing number of tourist accompany with the cost, it can be recommended that increasing the duration of stay rather than increasing the number of tourist is the best option for Tokyo. It leads to the assumption that the same economic impact can be brought on the city minimising the environment and social costs on Tokyo. However, tourism is one of business which asks for profit, therefore this recommendation may not appear realistic. Yet for sustainable tourism development, it can be considered a necessity to re-reorganise the city attractions and to link tourism promotional policies with regional planning.

Team dynamics and gender ( management and organizational behavior) Assignment

Team dynamics and gender ( management and organizational behavior) - Assignment Example Annotated Bibliography Emerald Group. (2003). Dealing With the Dynamics of Gender. How Men and Women Cope With Criticism. Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol. 11(3). Pp. 24-26. This article discusses the gender that is dominating more workplaces and how work teams are made. It also talks about how the teams can be made to perform more successfully, the function of each team player and the aspects that affect the performance of a team in a project. It goes further to explaining what makes the team players behave differently, given that they are of different sexual category. As explained, so many issues affect how the team works. One of them is how the results of a certain project are returned by the team, to influence the outcome of another one. Teams that take action to feedback are likely to be more successful that those that do not respond to feedback. However, the research made so far have not been able to identify which gender is likely to respond more to negative feedback. Likewise, the article explains the manners of both male and female are affected by how they were raised up since their childhood and these remain in-built even at their adult-hood. Where male children are normally taught to be social and determined to reach their ambitions while young females were encouraged to be passionate and introverts. Therefore, men tend to explore their skills, emphasize and communicate a lot more in teamwork than women. Women are used to be submissive and avoid being bold while men are used to be self-confident and challenging, and are easily manipulated. Hence, male is prompt to take part in, authorize and be developing leaders than women. Furthermore, investigations show that men tend to believe that reduction of the input energy is triggered off by resentment instead of surveyors’ actual inspiration to lend a hand. Therefore, a group led by women is more prone to respond to negative feedback than the one being controlled by men. In addit ion to that, the project that the team works on also affects the groups’ reaction to negative feedback. The article explains that individual confidence also contributes to the feedback one receives. That is, if a person has self-confidence when doing an assignment, then the individual is less expected to get a negative feedback. Therefore, teams made up of people who are experts on the assignment been done are unlikely to respond to negative feedback. Therefore, men being self-confident are prone to respond less to negative feedback than women are. Moreover, the response to decline of input energy is also determined by what the group members pick out to be the source. This view influences the change of the teams’ behavior because of the feedback. In those teams dominated by experts, external factors such as the uniqueness of the task and fate are accountable; therefore, the team does not blame itself for putting into practice the proposals they made in the feedback. Th erefore, when male work out on jobs that they are used to, they blame external sources like fate and nature of the job for negative feedback. Similarly, when women work on assignments they are used to doing, they are prone to respond to negative feedback. However, when males work on assignments that are female-oriented, they are likely to put the blame on issues rooted to the group hence respond to negati